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| 2. |
- Johansson, Börje
(författare)
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Diversity and superiority in innovation processes
- 2005
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Ingår i: MODSIM05. - : Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand Inc. (MSSANZ). - 0975840002 - 9780975840009 ; , s. 1056-1062, s. 1056-1062
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A product group consists of product varieties (phenotypes) that compete for the same customer budget. The paper introduces an approach to identifying separate markets by means of product group (genotype) delineation. The paper contrasts two basic ideas for analysing competition within a product group. The first idea relates to Lancaster's suggestion that every product variety can be identified by its attributes or characteristics (L-model). The second idea relates to the monopolistic-competition model as popularised by Krugman (DS-model). With this latter approach, a product group potentially contains a large set of varieties, where customers as a group have a taste for variety. For each of the two paradigms, the paper presents and compares the process by which novel product varieties are introduced. In the framework of Lancaster, evolution tends to reduce the number of varieties due to development of superior alternatives. The Krugman framework rather predicts an evolution where the number of varieties may increase without limits. The contribution of the paper is to contrast the two perspectives, by comparing the change processes and by assessing the adhering equilibrium solutions. A major question is how these two conflicting perspectives should be interpreted. The paper ends by suggesting a framework that can resolve the conflict between the two perspectives. The L-model provides a theoretical framework for how a separated market can be delineated, whereas the DS-model is more ad hoc in this sense. The prime demarcation aspect is however that in the DS-model diversity of products is generated by customers' taste for variety. This must not be interpreted as a case, in which each customer consumes of all varieties at each point in time. A more reasonable interpretation is that a customer during a time period exercises the taste for variety. In contrast, a customer in the L-model purchases two or several varieties only when there is no product available with the desired combination of attributes. Hence, in the L-model the tendency is towards a smaller set of superior varieties. However, heterogeneity among customers will counteract this tendency and generate product diversity in the L-model. The possibility of a superior product variety for each customer group is inherent in the L-model. One may also observe this phenomenon can associated with so-called technology lock-in effects (Arthur, 1989). In order to understand this, we may consider a product group for which an essential feature is mutual compatibility with other product variants. As some variant gets a large market share, the compatibility aspect will be an important attribute with a decisive role in customers' preference functions. This type of feature is completely absent in the DS-model. In the L-model scale economies explain the dynamics when a superior product increases its market share by replacing established products. Scale economies are the driving force behind competitive exclusion. In the DS-model scale economies provide incentives for firms to develop economies of scope and to continue to expand the number of varieties.
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| 4. |
- Johansson, Börje, et al.
(författare)
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Globalisation and Distribution of Exports
- 2007
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Ingår i: Uddevalla Symposium 2007. - Trollhättan : Department of Economics and Informatics, University West. - 9789163315787
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 5. |
- Klaesson, Johan, 1967-, et al.
(författare)
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Co-evolution of producer services and other sectors
- 2013
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Ingår i: Advances in Spatial Science. - Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer International Publishing. ; , s. 47-72, s. 47-72
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A major characteristic of the economic development in Sweden during the past 10–15 years is a fast expansion of the producer-service sector. To analyse this process, the present paper employs an approach to identify the spatial pattern of local, regional and extra-regional demand for producer services. In the associated theoretical model producer-service firms grow in locations with large market access. The estimated model predicts that the supply of producer services grows in urban areas with large market access, whereas the rest of the economy shrinks in the same areas and expands in other parts of the urban region. The change process is interpreted as an effect of firms’ outsourcing of service activities when they can rely on accessibility to service suppliers. As a result service suppliers agglomerate in central parts of the urban region, where they obtain high accessibility to their customers. The estimated change process comprises a non-linear response mechanism.
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| 7. |
- Ahuja, Rajeev, et al.
(författare)
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High pressure structural transitions in Cm metal
- 2006
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Ingår i: Mater Res Soc Symp Proc. - 1558998470 - 9781558998476 ; , s. 247-254
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The high pressure behaviour of Cm metal is investigated theoretically using ab initio electronic structure methods. Our calculations reproduce the structural phase transitions which are obsereved in recent experiment performed by Heatman et al. [Science 309, 110 (2005)]. Calculated transition pressures are in reasonable agreement with the experimental values. Calculations performed for an antiferromagnetic state is essential to reproduce the stability of Cm-III phase. Thus, the stability of the Cm-III phase is related to the spin polarization of its 5f electrons.
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| 8. |
- Alpfält, Tina, et al.
(författare)
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Scope of export varieties and innovation milieu of local economies
- 2012
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Innovation by firms and industries requires that the individual firm can combine internal and external knowledge resources. This paper studies product innovations as they are reflected by product varieties and destination markets, combined into observations of firms’ destination-specific varieties(variety pairs). The number of varieties (identified in this way) measuresthe extensive margin of exportflows from industries in local economies, reflecting past product and market (destination) innovations made by industries in each local economy. The empirical analysis identifies for each industry and local economy (i) the intra-industry knowledge resources, (ii) the local access to the supply knowledge-intensive producer services, and (iii) the access to the supply of knowledge-intensive producer servicesoutside the local economy. Thepapercontributes to existing knowledgein several ways. First, it introduces a knowledge-supply accessibility measure to model the local innovation milieu. Second, it shows the joint contribution to product innovation from internal and external knowledge sources. The estimation results supports the hypothesis that innovations are generated in the conjunction of internal and external knowledge.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Hu, Q. -M, et al.
(författare)
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Composition dependent hardness of covalent solid solutions and its electronic structure origin
- 2016
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Ingår i: Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings. - : American Ceramic Society. - 9781119040439 ; , s. 143-151
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Materials with high hardness are technologically important for cutting and forming tools, engine components, valves, seals, gears, many types of wear resistant coatings, etc. The search for harder materials has a long history and remains one of the most active areas in materials science. Predictive tools for hardness will make this effort more efficient. In the past ten years, several hardness models based on electronic structure theory for perfect elemental materials/binary covalent and ionic compounds have been put forward. However, most of the engineering materials are alloys (solid solutions) and inevitably contain some impurities or defects such as vacancies. Theoretical predictions of the hardness of this kind of materials have rarely been touched. We have presented a hardness formula for multi-component covalent solid solutions. Here the composition dependence of the hardness of some covalent/ionic solid solutions, predicted with this formula, taking the parameters from our first-principles calculations, will be reported in comparison with experimental results. Furthermore, the electronic structure origin of the composition dependence of the hardness will be discussed. We will show that the band-filling effect proposed in literature to account for the composition dependence of the hardness of e.g. TiCxN1-x fails for some of the systems. Instead, we suggest that the composition dependence is controlled by the competition between the band-filling effect and the strength of electronic states hybridization.
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